（2） 笨重动词代替轻灵动词
encourage urge
continue keep on/go on
supplement add to
acquire get/gain
grant give
incapacitate can’t
jeopardize harm
require need
（3） 冷僻用词代替日常用词
prior to before
expiry end
certify prove
solicit seek
例子：Prior to the detailed evaluation, pursuant to ITB Clause 26, the Purchase will determine the substantial responsiveness of each bid to the bidding documents.
例子：In the case of fixed price contracts, if the award is delayed by a period exceeding fifty-six days beyond the expiry of the initial bid validity, the contract price will be adjusted by a factor specified in the request for extension.
（4） 大量使用(here-, there-)复合词
hereinafter, hereby, hereto, hereof……
therefrom, therein, thereafter, thereinafter, thereby, thereof……
例子：The supplier shall not, without the Purchaser’s prior written consent, disclose the Contract or any provision thereof, or any specification, plan, drawing, pattern, sample, or information furnished by or on behalf of the Purchaser in connection therewith, to any person other than a person employed by the Supplier in the performance of the Contract.
例子：In consideration of the payments to be made by the Purchaser to the Supplier as hereinafter mentioned, the Supplier hereby covenants with the Purchaser to provide the goods and services and to remedy defects therein in conformity in all respects with the provisions of the Contracts.
（5）有意识地有系统地使用抽象名词代替动词
用his inaction代替he didn’t take action，用his signature in my presence代替He wrote down his name before me.
（6） 口语体用字比较罕见
表“将来”一般不用be going to do或be about to do，而要用shall或will；表“批准”不用allow，而用approve或permit。
6. 句子结构复杂冗长。法律最忌轻易立论，总是在把重要和普遍的事情说出来的同时，不忘把例外的和次要的事情一并捎上。科技注重逻辑联系，不允许有联系上的缺环，有什么后果必须探究产生此后果的原因和条件。招投标文件既属法律文件，又是科技文件，思维缜密，结构严谨，相应地，复杂冗长的句子充斥其中，理解和**起来很费力。在处理这些冗长句子时最好的解决办法就是将这些冗长复杂的句子在适当关节处切开，分解为意念完整的组件，让每个意念单独成句，然后按照从普遍到特殊，从主要到次要的顺序对各个组件重新排列组合，先叙述要点，再补充细节，最后提示可能发生的误解。
例子：原英文：If any dispute arises between the Employer and the Contractor in connection with, or arising out of, the Contract or the execution of the works, whether during the execution of the works or after their completion and whether before or after
the repudiation or other termination of the Contract, including any disagreement by either ***** with any action, inaction, opinion, instruction, determination, certificate or valuation of the Engineer, the matter in dispute shall, in the first place, be referred to the Disputes Review Board.
本句核心含义是If any dispute arises, it shall be referred to the Disputes Review Board。原英文句子难解难译的关键在于从句中的中心成分dispute后有一个较长的定语成分in connection with, or arising out of, the contract or the execution of the works，同时又有一个很长的同位语成分including any disagreement by either ***** with any action, inaction, opinion, instruction, determination, certificate or valuation of the Engineer。这个和中心成分关系密切的定语成分却被arises between the Employer and the Contractor强行与中心成分隔开。而同位语离中心成分更远，两者严重脱节，当读到此同位语时，读者不得不再掉头回去寻找与其相关的中心成分。两个whether短语都修饰arises，本应按照靠近原则紧贴arises，但由于whether结构太长被迫后移，插入到同时与dispute有关的长定语和长同位语之间，使得各个成分之间的相互关系更加繁杂。在主句中，in the first place插入到复合谓语shall和be referred to之间，显然是作谓语的状语，谈的是争端解决的先后步骤，意思是将争端首先提交给the Disputes Review Board以寻求解决途径，而不是越过the Disputes Review Board直接去找仲裁机构要求仲裁，只有当对the Disputes Review Board的决定不服时才可再找仲裁机构仲裁（下文也正是接着这个思路说下去的，本处未引出来）。如果将之理解为作整个主句的句子状语，则意思就变为首先要将争端提交给the Disputes Review Board，然后还如何如何，这样就使人想到除了寻求解决方法外，还需要采取诸如停工、罚款等其它措施，这和下文内容不符。由于各个组件安排不合理导致意义的含糊。在修辞上，从主从句整体布局来考虑，由于从句太长，主句太短，有头重脚轻的失衡感，不能达到尾重的语言效果。另外，在章法上，从句中主要信息(any dispute arises)和主句相离，衔接不紧。The matter实质是对从句中any dispute（争端）的复指，虽然可以增加主从句的粘接力，但由于中间夹杂了太多的次要枝节，阻断了行文的流畅和思路的连贯。在措辞方面也不太妥当，从句中的dispute和主句中的dispute同形不同意，一个是作为事物名词使用（争执的内容，即争端），一个作为表动作的抽象名词（争论的过程，即争执）使用，在正式文体中这种同形不同意的用法应尽可能避免，最简洁的办法是干脆省去in dispute。像这样的句子我们可以在保留原意不变的基础上将各个成分进行适当的调整，分流信息，布设均匀，以减轻读者的心理压力。
修改后英文：If, whether during the execution of the works or after their completion and whether before or after the repudiation or other termination of the contract, between the Employer and the Contractor arises any dispute in connection with, or arising out of, the Contract or the execution of the works, including any disagreement by either ***** with any action, inaction, opinion, instruction, determination, certificate or valuation of the Engineer, the matter shall, in the first place, be referred to the Disputes Review Board.
修改后译文：无论是在工程执行过程中，还是在工程完成以后，也无论是在放弃合同或其它终止合同之前或者之后，如果业主与承包商之间出现任何与合同或工程执行有关的或因合同或工程执行而引发的争端，包括任何一方对工程师的任何行动，不行动，意见，指示，决定，证书或评价所产生的异议，那么该争端应首先提交争端审核委员会。
7. 细微的失误可引起意义上的重大变化，为今后的纠纷埋下隐患，不可小视。最常见的情况表现在逗号的使用，or、and和etc.的区分上。
（1） 滥用逗号常常会使限定性修饰成分变成非限定性修饰成分，从而部分或完全地改变句子意思。反之亦然。
例子：原英文：Bidders shall updat any information submitted with their applications for prequalification, which has changed, and updat in any case the information indicated in the Bidding Data Sheet, and continue to meet the minimum threshold criteria set out in the Prequalification documents.
上述英文是错误的，原因就在于which前的逗号使用不当。显然招标方要求投标人更新的对象是那些已经发生变更的信息资料，而不是所有的信息资料，对于原先递交的但是投标时未发生变更的信息资料当然不存在更新的问题。因此which has changed应作为限制性定语从句来限制information，缩小需要更新的information的范围。但由于原英文中which前有了一个逗号，使得which has changed就只能是非限制性定语从句了，英文原文的含义也就变成了投标人原先提交的所有信息资料全部都发生变更，全部需要更新，这显然是不合情理的。作者在原英文中滥用逗号，大概是考虑到information后有两个定语成分，一个是which has changed，另一个是submitted with their applications for prequalification，不好安排，只好用逗号将两个定语成分隔开。改正的办法就是删除which前多余的逗号，两个定语成分都变为限制性定语从句，用“and”并列。
修改后英文：Bidders shall updat any information which has changed and which was submitted with their applications for prequalification, and updat in any case the information indicated in the Bidding Data Sheet, and continue to meet the minimum threshold criteria set out in the Prequalification documents.
（2） or表示两项或多项要件中只须符合其一即为有效，而and和etc.均表示两项或多项要件须同时具备才算有效。
例子：原中文：能提供先进制造技术和制造工艺，生产新产品及促进本市新能源开发和利用的项目可享受优惠待遇。
可享受优惠待遇的项目是指只须满足三个条件（提供技术和工艺，生产新产品，促进能源开发和利用）